Diabetes
mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood
glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action. The
effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure
of various organs.
The term
diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology
characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat
and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
action, or both.
Types of Diabetes mellitus:
} Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
} Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
} Gestational Diabetes
} Other types
LADA ( latent autoimmune diabetes in adults )
MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of youth)
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
Type
1 Diabetes mellitus:
} It is called as
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.
} Type 1 diabetes develops
when the body’s immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in
the body that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood glucose. This form
of diabetes usually strikes children and young adults, although disease onset
can occur at any age.
} Type 1 diabetes may account
for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 1
diabetes may include autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors.
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus:
} Type 2 diabetes is called as
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. It
usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells do not use
insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses
its ability to produce insulin.
} Type 2 diabetes is
associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, history of
gestational diabetes, impaired glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and
race/ethnicity.
} Type 2 diabetes is
increasingly being diagnosed in children and adolescents.
Gestational Diabetes:
} Gestational diabetes is a
form of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed in some women during pregnancy.
It occurs more frequently among African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans,
and American Indians. It is also more common among obese women and women with a
family history of diabetes.
} During pregnancy,
gestational diabetes requires treatment to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to avoid complications
in the infant. After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational diabetes
are found to have type 2 diabetes.
MODY diabetes:
} Maturity
Onset Diabetes of the Young affects approximately one or two per cent of people
who have diabetes, and may often go unrecognized in its early stages.
} It
is a form of diabetes that develops before the patient reaches 25. It also runs
in families, and can pass from one generation to the next. MODY does not always
require insulin treatment.
Secondary Diabetes mellitus:
} Secondary
diabetes is diabetes that results as a consequence of another medical
condition. Because the cause of diabetes ranges between different conditions,
the way in which blood glucose levels are controlled can also vary.
} Secondary
diabetes will often be permanent but for some forms, it may be possible to reverse
or eradicate the effects of hyperglycemia.
Causes of Diabetes mellitus:
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